Algorithms as Culture: Some Tactics for the Ethnography of Algorithmic SystemsThis article in Big Data & Society responds to debates in critical algorithm studies about the significance of the term “algorithm,” arguing that we should approahc algorithms as “multiples”—unstable objects that are enacted through the varied practices that people use to engage with them, including the practices of “outsider” researchers. Different ways of enacting algorithms foreground certain issues while occluding others. I propose that critical researchers might seek to enact algorithms ethnographically, seeing them as heterogeneous and diffuse sociotechnical systems, rather than rigidly constrained and procedural formulas.